Hashing, encryption & integrity
Technical guides about hashing, encryption & integrity, written for practical follow-up.
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5 articlesVerify a download checksum without confusing integrity with trust
Compare complete digests, obtain the expected value independently and understand when a signature gives stronger evidence.
Browser file encryption: plan the password and recovery test first
Understand authenticated encryption, the vault format and a safe round-trip workflow before deleting or moving source files.
Why identical-looking text produces different hashes
Inspect UTF-8 bytes, Unicode normalisation and line endings before comparing text digests across applications.
Verify webhook HMACs using the original request bytes
Define the signed message, key encoding, timestamp window and replay rules before comparing a webhook signature.
Hashing and encryption do different jobs.
A file checksum, an encrypted vault and a breach lookup can all involve cryptography. Knowing which question each answers prevents expensive mistakes.
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