IP addresses & networking
Technical guides about ip addresses & networking, written for practical follow-up.
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4 articlesWhy your public IP changes: VPNs, CGNAT and IPv6
Trace an unexpected address to the request, route and address family that produced it, with a practical comparison record.
IPv4 subnetting with a worked /26 network plan
Calculate network boundaries, usable ranges and broadcast addresses, including the exceptions for point-to-point links and host routes.
Read IPv6 addresses, prefixes and compressed notation
Expand and shorten IPv6 correctly, recognise address scope and separate a local address observation from internet reachability.
A VPN check needs more than an IP address.
HTTP, WebRTC and DNS can follow different paths. Learn to compare the evidence without mistaking one successful check for a complete audit.
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4 guides